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School corporal punishment refers to causing deliberate pain or discomfort in response to undesired behaviour by students in schools. It often involves striking the student either across the buttocks〔See e.g. (Student/Parent Information Guide and Code of Conduct 2008-2009 ), Alexander City Schools, Alabama, USA, p.44.〕 or on the hands,〔 with an implement such as a rattan cane, wooden paddle, slipper, leather strap or wooden yardstick. Less commonly, it could also include spanking or smacking the student with the open hand, especially at the elementary school level. In the English-speaking world, the use by schools of corporal punishment has historically been justified by the common-law doctrine ''in loco parentis'', whereby teachers are considered authority figures granted the same rights as parents to punish children in their care. Advocates of school corporal punishment argue that it provides an immediate response to indiscipline and that the student is quickly back in the classroom learning, as opposed to suspension from school. Opponents argue that physical punishment is ineffective in the long term, interferes with learning, produces numerous harmful side effects, and is a form of violence that breaches the rights of children. School corporal punishment has been banned in virtually all of Europe, most of South America, more than half of U.S. states, and in Canada, South Africa and New Zealand. The first country in the world to prohibit it was Poland in 1783. ==Geographical scope== Corporal punishment used to be prevalent in schools in many parts of the world, but in recent decades it has been outlawed in most of Europe and in Canada, Korea, South Africa, New Zealand and several other countries (see list of countries, below). It remains commonplace in a number of countries in Africa, south-east Asia and the Middle East (see list of countries, below). In the United States, the Supreme Court ruling in ''Ingraham v. Wright'' (1977) held that school corporal punishment does not violate the "Cruel and Unusual Punishment" clause of the federal Constitution, because that clause applies only to the prison system. The Supreme Court of the United States has not yet reviewed the practice under other federal law or other Constitutional clauses. Paddling continues to be used in a number of Southern states. In some Asian and African countries where it has been theoretically outlawed, it is still used in practice. Much of the traditional culture that surrounds corporal punishment in school, at any rate in the English-speaking world, derives largely from British practice in the 19th and 20th centuries, particularly as regards the caning of teenage boys.〔(United Kingdom: Corporal punishment in schools ) at World Corporal Punishment Research.〕 There is a vast amount of literature on this, in both popular and serious culture.〔Quigly, Isabel (1984). ''The Heirs of Tom Brown: The English School Story''. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-281404-4〕〔Chandos, John (1984). ''Boys Together: English Public Schools 1800-1864''. London: Hutchinson, esp. chapter 11. ISBN 0-09-139240-3〕 Britain itself outlawed the practice in 1987 for state schools〔 Section 47 for England and Wales and section 48 for Scotland, brought into force in 1987.〕〔Privy Council of the United Kingdom. ''(Education (Corporal Punishment) (Northern Ireland) Order 1987 )''.〕〔Gould, Mark (9 January 2007). ("Sparing the rod" ). ''The Guardian'' (London).〕 and more recently for all schools.〔 Section 131, for England and Wales, brought into force in 1999.〕〔Brown, Colin (25 March 1998). ("Last vestiges of caning swept away" ). ''The Independent'' (London).〕 Many schools in Singapore and Malaysia use caning (for boys) as a routine official punishment for misconduct, as also some African countries. In some Middle Eastern countries whipping is used. (See list of countries, below.) In most of continental Europe, school corporal punishment has been banned for several decades or longer, depending on the country (See list of countries, below). From the 1917 Russian revolution onwards, corporal punishment was outlawed in the Soviet Union, because it was deemed contrary to Soviet ideology.〔Teitelbaum, Salomon M. ("Parental Authority in the Soviet Union" ), in ''American Slavic and East European Review'', Vol. 4, No. 3/4 (December 1945), pp. 54-69.〕 Communists in other countries such as Britain took the lead in campaigning against school corporal punishment, which they viewed as a symptom of the decadence of capitalist education systems.〔Linehan, Thomas P. (2007). (''Communism in Britain, 1920-39: From the cradle to the grave'' ), Manchester University Press. pp. 32 ff. ISBN 0-7190-7140-2〕 In the 1960s, Soviet visitors to western schools expressed shock at the caning of boys there.〔("Caning? It's not cricket, say the Russians at Rugby" ). ''Daily Mail'' (London). 22 November 1960.〕 Other communist regimes followed suit: for instance, corporal punishment was "unknown" by students in North Korea in 2007.〔("North Korean Defectors Face Huge Challenges" ). ''Radio Free Asia''. 21 March 2007.〕 In mainland China, corporal punishment in schools was outlawed in 1986,〔("Country report for China" ). Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children.〕 although the practice remains common, especially in rural areas.〔Paul Wiseman, ("Chinese schools try to unlearn brutality" ), ''USA Today'', Washington D.C., 9 May 2000.〕 Member states of the Convention on the rights of the child are obliged to "take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse () while in the care of parent(s), legal guardian(s) or any other person who has the care of the child." (Article 19). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「school corporal punishment」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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